点赞转发收藏是谁发明的（转发的点赞算谁的）

admin 发明家 2023-03-25 11 0 点赞转发收藏是谁发明的

baike.aiufida.com 小编在本篇文章中要讲解的知识是有关点赞转发收藏是谁发明的和转发的点赞算谁的的内容，详细请大家根据目录进行查阅。

文章目录：

1、世界上第一枚邮票的由来？
2、网络打赏到底是谁发明出来的？
3、不同的功能可以通过不同的什么表示出来
4、“点赞“是谁发明的？
5、沙画师何素丹为何被点赞？何素丹有哪些过人之处？

世界上第一枚邮票的由来？

1840年5月6日，英国发行了世界上最早的邮票。邮票是黑色的，上面印有维多利亚女王的浮雕像。邮票的发明者是英国的教师罗兰．希尔。他后来担任了英国的邮政大臣。

英国“黑便士”是世界上第一枚邮票。原定于1840年元旦问世，但因未准备就绪，邮票到5月1日出售，5月6日才正式启用。1840年5月6日，英国伦敦泰晤士河边的邮政总局热闹异常。浓雾散去，阳光和煦，人们兴致勃勃地赶到宽敞的工农业大厅，围挤在桃花心木的柜台前，用一枚枚金光闪闪的英镑，争相换购一张张新问世的“黑便士”邮票。一连两天，柜台里总能见到一位身材魁梧、长着络腮胡子的职员在细心地观察邮票出售的情况。他在日记中写道：“今天，邮票第一次在伦敦问世，邮局喧闹异常。”第二天他继续写道：“昨天售出了价值2,500英榜的邮票。”他就是罗兰·希尔，由于他对邮政改革的贡献，并设计了世界上第一枚邮票──“黑便士”──而名垂青史。女王赐给他伯爵称号，国际集邮协会尊称他为“邮票之父”，许多国家还发行了纪念罗兰·希尔的邮票。在邮票诞生之前，邮政收费是按照信件用纸的张数和投递路程的远近逐件计算的，而且是由收件人支付邮资，收费的标准也很高。1839年，英国财政部公开悬赏征求邮票设计图案，收到了大约2,100多件作品，对其中4件设计颁发了一等奖，但没有一件被采用。于是，罗兰·希尔亲自动手设计。他以威廉·韦恩精刻的1837年维多利亚女王登基时的侧面肖像纪念章作原图，画了两幅邮票图稿。邮票由雕刻家希恩兄弟雕刻版模，帕金斯·信有限公司承印。在白色无底纹纸上，对着阳光一照，可以看到每枚邮票的正中有一小皇冠水印，这样世界上最早的“黑便士”邮票就诞生了。“黑便士”邮票使邮政工作大大前进了步，标志着世界近代邮政的产生，具有划时代的意义。“黑便士”是颜色和面值的合称。它采用黑色雕刻版印刷的无齿孔，不标国名，只有女王的肖像，这一传统一直沿袭至今。图案上方有“邮资”字样，下方是表示面值的“一便士”字样，印张每行由12枚邮票组成，共20行邮票组成，共20行，每张240枚。这是因为英国当时币制为1镑＝12先令＝240便士，一个全印张正好一英镑。特别有趣的是邮票的下面两角都各有一个英文字母，同一行上的每枚邮票图案左下角的字母相同。第一行A，第二行是B，以下按字母顺序类推；在图案的右下角的字母则表示邮票印在张中的位置，从左向右按字母的顺序排列，如第一横排从左至右为AA、AB、AC直至Al,第二横排依次为BA、BB、BC、直至Bl……这样安排的目的是为了防止仿造。尽管1840年的邮票现存数量相当可观，但要复原原来的一个完整的印张却是非常困难的。由于邮票刚刚问世，人们还不大懂得邮票是什么，所以每整张“黑便士”的纸边上者印有说明文字：“每一枚邮票是一便士，每行十二枚售一先令，每全张售一英榜。把邮票贴在收信地址右上方，涂湿标签时，请勿擦掉背胶。”邮票原定于1840年元旦向世，但因未准备就绪，邮票到5月6日才正式启用，但不知哪个邮局提前售出了一些邮票，迄今已发现有3枚黑便士票是1840年5月2日在英国南部城市巴斯盖销的，被集邮家视为珍宝，标价很高。从1840年5月6日起，黑便士邮票在不到一年的时间里重印十一次，有30万全张计7，200万枚。其中第十一次即最后一次印量最少，只印了700全张16，800枚。在此期间共售出68，158,000枚。与黑便士邮票同时发行的还有图案相同的蓝色二便士邮票，俗称“蓝便士”。据说是在印制时误将邮票印成了蓝色。邮票的版式和黑便士完全一样，它的发行量比黑便士票少，珍贵程度超过黑便士，但闻名程度却远不及前者。有的蓝便士的印刷透过纸背，背面可以相当清楚地看到女王的肖像，这种透印票尤其难得。目前存世的蓝便士邮票只有两种：一种是一组八方连邮票。票上盖有英国最早使用的“马耳他十字戳”；另一种是一枚信封残片，残片上贴有半枚蓝便士邮票，是用二便士邮票对剖使用的。戳上的日期1841年3月27日，是世界珍邮之一。黑便士面世九个月后，即1841年开始发行红便士邮票。改色的原因是因为黑色邮票上盖销黑色邮戳不易看清，有人将盖有黑色戳的邮票揭下来重复使用，于是就用同一版模将邮票印成棕红色的了。黑便士邮票几乎具备了现代邮票的所有特点，具有科学性和使用性，许多国家纷纷效仿，开创了邮票发行的新纪元。

点赞转发收藏是谁发明的（转发的点赞算谁的）

网络打赏到底是谁发明出来的？

“打赏”在本质上不是一种简单的“自由交流的形式”，而是社交媒体时代的一种新型商业消费模式和消费文化，受到商业社会和消费文化逻辑的支配。

“有知名游戏主播凭玩家打赏，1个小时能挣到4000元；也有自媒体人仅靠网友打赏，月入十来万元。不过，能获得如此多‘赏金’的前提是，你有足够多的粉丝，并且能持之以恒地征服他们。在国外甚至有‘吃播’行业，把吃饭的过程播放给人看，就月入不菲。”“打赏”一词最近在微博、游戏和网络直播等网络空间上很流行。网络直播吃饭、在电脑上写网络小说、在微博里发点心灵鸡汤，就能赢得无数粉丝崇拜，让粉丝们没钱的“点赞”，有钱的“打赏”，赚取人气和大把钞票，这一切自然得归功于网络社交媒体的繁荣兴盛。

“打赏”在形式上是一种“自由交流”

对个体之间的社会交往而言，有人认为打赏不过是“你情我愿”，体现了自由平等交往的互联网精神。对于打赏者而言，随便敲一下键盘，便可以将自己的心意表达，只要是心甘情愿，无论奉送出去多少银两，旁人管不着。甚至有人这样说：“我打赏你，是满足我自己，与你无关。”

对于被打赏者而言，因为自己付出了劳动，奉献了自己的表演、作品和智慧，所以赢取粉丝崇拜和打赏，无可非议。“打赏”成为粉丝大众表达对草根偶像崇拜的一种特别方式，有人甚至宣称“打赏是有史以来最奇特而魅力无穷的商业模式。完全没有遗憾。其实，它不该被叫做商业模式，就像你不能把寺庙门前摆一个功德箱叫做商业模式一样，它是一种自由交流的形式，金钱流通只是它的副产品。一个自由人对另一个自由人的无条件的欣赏。非常美丽”。

“打赏”不仅是网络社交时代人们特别是年轻人寻求互动交流，满足自我需求的新型人际交往形式，而且从文化上来看，有人将“打赏”看作草根文化的胜利，是“屌丝的逆袭”，因为“打赏”打破了文化和娱乐精英在写作、表演等领域里的垄断地位，给了更多默默无闻的屌丝青年展示自我的机会。

不同的功能可以通过不同的什么表示出来

借着“意译”的名义，搞得似是而非，扭曲异常。。。

——————————

The 16 Type Patterns

16种人格类型

Adapted from Linda V. Berens and Dario Nardi,

Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code

(Telos Publications, 2004) *Used with permission.

THERE ARE 16 PERSONALITY TYPES. EACH "TYPE" REPRESENTS A UNIQUE PREDICTABLE PATTERN OF HOW THE EIGHT PROCESSES ARE USED IN EVERYDAY LIFE.

存在16种人格类型。每种“类型”都可预见出的在日常生活中对应的八种功能的运用方式。

The Roles of the Processes

不同功能的作用

In each of the sixteen types, each of the eight processes plays a different “role” in the personality. The type code lets you know what role each process plays for each type. This is called “type dynamics.” It is also referred to as the “hierarchy of functions”: Dominant, Auxiliary, Tertiary, and Inferior. The roles are explained below to help you better understand the patterns. In most of what we do we rely on two of the processes—a preferred way of accessing information and a preferred way of organizing and evaluating that information. As we look more closely we can see that one process takes a leading role and the other takes a supporting role.*

所有的功能均在不同的人格类型中扮演着各自的角色。类型代码的作用就是让你知道在不同的类型中，各种功能分别扮演着何等角色。这就是所谓的“动力类型”。也就是我们所说的“功能等级”：主导功能，辅助功能，第三功能和劣势功能。这些内容在下面会有进一步的解释以助你加深理解。通常情况下我们主要依靠两种功能，一种用来收集信息，另一种用来组织所获取的信息。当我们对此更深入观察时，会发现一种功能占主导地位而另一种起辅助作用。

In truth, we have access to all eight cognitive processes—the other six are often in the background, playing other kinds of roles. Each has a positive and a negative way of expressing itself. Each bears a different energy cost when we use it.

事实上，我们能够使用所有这八种功能，只是另外六种常常居于幕后，起着不同的作用。每种方式都可能被积极或消极地呈现。当我们运用不同方式时，也就是在向不同的方面投入精力。

The Primary Processes

人格类型的阳面

The primary processes are those used in the first four roles. Each process tends to emerge and develop at different times in our lives. During these times we are drawn to activities that use these processes. Then, learning the content and the skills that engage these processes is often nearly effortless. We find our interest is drawn to them and our interest is pulled away from things we were drawn to before.

人格类型的阳面是我们首要运用的四种功能。不同的功能会在我们生命中的不同阶段出现与发展。在不同的阶段，我们会更活跃地应用对应的功能，并发现可以几乎毫不费力地应用它。我们会发现自己的兴趣逐渐转移，从过去吸引我们的事物上移开。

The Leading Role (Dominant) (sometimes referred to as the 1st function)

主角（主导功能）

The process that plays the leading role is the one that usually develops early in childhood. We tend to engage in this process first, trusting it to solve our problems and help us be successful. Being the most trusted and most used, it usually has an adult, mature quality to it. While we are likely to engage in it rather automatically and effortlessly, we have much more conscious control over it. The energy cost for using it is very low. Much like in the movies, the leading role has a heroic quality as using it can get us out of difficult situations. However, we can sometimes “turn up the volume” on this process and become overbearing and domineering. Then it takes on a negative dominating quality.

主导功能通常是我们在童年期即已发展出的功能。我们会倾向于首先运用它，指望它来解决我们的问题，帮助我们成功。这是我们最值得信赖和最常使用的功能，通常是相当成熟完善的。尽管多数情况下我们是在自然而然、毫不费力地运用它，我们也可以更有意识地去掌控它。运用主导功能所需投入的精力极少。正如电影中的主角所起的作用那样，主导功能的运用能够令我们摆脱困境。然而，有时我们也会过分依赖主导功能，变得过于傲慢自大。此时它主要起消极作用。

The Supporting Role (Auxiliary) (sometimes referred to as the 2nd function)

配角（辅助功能）

The supporting role is how we are helpful to others as well as supportive of ourselves. Once we have developed some facility with our leading role process, we are more likely to feel comfortable engaging in our supporting role process. In its most positive form, this can be quite like a nurturing parent. In its more negative aspect, it can be overprotective and stunting rather than helpful. When the leading role process is an extraverted one, the supporting role process is introverted. When the leading role process is an introverted one, the supporting role process is extraverted and may be quite active and visible as it provides a way of dealing with the outer world.

辅助功能帮助我们自身的作用正如我们帮助他人。一旦我们能够熟练地运用主导功能，让作为配角的辅助功能来发挥作用会让我们更感舒适。当状况良好时，恰似合适的家庭环境有利于孩子成长。若状况不佳，则可能是主角过于强大而使得配角不能很好地发展，而非起到促进作用。当主导功能外倾时，对应的辅助功能是内倾的。当主导功能内倾时，外倾的辅助功能是我们与外界打交道的方式，会是活跃而易于被觉察的。

The Relief Role (Tertiary) (sometimes referred to as the 3rd function)

替补队员（第三功能）

The relief role gives us a way to energize and recharge ourselves. It serves as a backup to the supporting role and often works in tandem with it. When we are younger, we might not engage in the process that plays this role very much unless our life circumstances require it or make it hard to use the supporting role process. Usually, in young adulthood we are attracted to activities that draw upon this process. The relief role often is how we express our creativity. It is how we are playful and childlike. In its most negative expression, this is how we become childish. Then it has an unsettling quality, and we can use this process to distract ourselves and others, getting us off target.

替补队员为我们提供了恢复自我的途径。是配角的替补，并经常与配角共同协作。在我们年轻时，若不是情非得已，配角不能很好地完成任务，可能并不会有力地运用它。通常，在成人初期我们会被替补队员的活动吸引。第三功能通常是我们发挥创造力的途径，会在我们像孩童般嬉戏时出现。在最糟的情况下，这是我们表现出幼稚行为时运用的功能。此时它稳定性不佳，会令我们自己与其他人偏离常轨。

The Aspirational Role (Inferior) (sometimes referred to as the 4th function)

龙套演员（劣势功能或第四功能）

The aspirational role usually doesn’t develop until around midlife. We often experience it first in its negative aspect of projecting our “shoulds,” fears, and negativities onto others. The qualities of these fears reflect the process that plays this role, and we are more likely to look immature when we engage in the process that plays this role. There is often a fairly high energy cost for using it—even when we acquire the skill to do so. As we learn to trust it and develop it, the aspirational role process provides a bridge to balance in our lives. Often our sense of purpose, inspiration, and ideals have the qualities of the process that plays this role.

龙套演员通常在我们中年以前并未发展。我们通常是先遇到它在跟我们捣乱，作为我们的内心的命令、恐惧及其他负面情绪出现。此类恐惧是劣势功能在发挥作用的体现，而我们常常在此时并不会成熟地去对待它。在龙套演员登场时，我们常常要投入相当多的精力——即使是在我们掌握了调配它的技能以后。一旦我们学会去信赖并发展它，龙套演员能够成为平衡我们生活的桥梁，连通我们的目标、灵感、理想。

The Shadow Processes

人格类型的阴面

The other four cognitive processes operate more on the boundaries of our awareness. It is as if they are in the shadows and only come forward under certain circumstances. We usually experience these processes in a negative way, yet when we are open to them, they can be quite positive.

剩下的四种功能，处在我们意识的边缘，常常隐身在黑暗中，不会主动出现。它们常常会带给我们负面影响，然而，若我们愿意，同样可以将它们纳入觉知中，发挥它们的积极作用。

The Opposing Role (sometimes referred to as the 5th function)

对手（第五功能）

The opposing role is often how we get stubborn and argumentative—refusing to “play” and join in whatever is going on at the time. It might be easy for us to develop skill in the process that plays this role, but we are likely to be more narrow in our application of this skill, and it will likely take more energy to use it extensively. In its positive aspect, it provides a shadow or depth to our leading role process, backing it up and enabling us to be more persistent in pursuit of our goals.

对手通常是让我们感到棘手的——无论何事发生，都拒绝“加入”我方阵营。我们或许可以通过有意让它上场来发展它，但通常可能并不会给它太多的戏份，要让它发挥自如也得投入我们更多的精力。从积极方面来讲，对手是主角的影子，它的存在是对主角的丰富，帮助我们更持久地追求目标。

The Critical Parent Role (sometimes referred to as the 6th function)

批评家（第六功能）

The critical parent role is how we find weak spots and can immobilize and demoralize others. We can also feel this way when others use the process that plays this role. It is often used sporadically and emerges more often under stressful conditions when something important is at risk. When we engage it, we can go on and on. To access its positive side of discovery, we must learn to appreciate and be open to it. Then it has an almost magical quality and can provide a profound sense of wisdom.

批评家使我们能够找出弱点，打压别人。当别人运用它来对付我们时，我们就知道它是咋起作用的了。这一位常常在我们遭遇重大危机、顶着极大压力时，才登台表演。若我们愿意，可以让它继续留在台上。若要发挥它的积极作用，我们必须学会欣赏它，留一席之地给它。如此，它会拥有神奇的品质，带给我们深刻的智慧洞见。

The Deceiving Role (sometimes referred to as the 7th function)

骗子（第七功能）

The deceiving role fools us into thinking something is important to do or pay attention to. The process that fills this role is often not trusted or seen as worthy of attention, for when we do engage it, we may make mistakes in perception or in decision making. Then we feel double bound—trapped between two bad options. Yet this role can have a positive side as it provides comic relief. Then we can laugh at ourselves. It can be refreshing and join with the relief role as we recharge ourselves through play.

骗子会愚弄我们，让我们以为某些事情是重要的或值得关注的。它的意见通常被认为是不可信或不值得被关注的，若我们当真了，倒是会形成错觉或做出错误的决定。此时我们会发现自己陷入两难境地，左右皆非。尽管如此，它也有积极面，能以滑稽来助我们减压，教我们自嘲。如此，它可以为我们服务，在我们恢复精力时发挥作用。

The Devilish Role (sometimes referred to as the 8th function)

魔鬼（第八功能）

The devilish role can be quite negative. Using the process that plays this role, we might become destructive of ourselves or others. Actions (or inactions) taken when we engage in the process that plays this role are often regretted later. Usually, we are unaware of how to use the process that fills this role and feel like it just erupts and imposes itself rather unconsciously. Yet when we are open to the process that plays the devilish role, it becomes transformative. It gives us the impetus to create something new—to make lemonade out of lemons, rather than lament their sourness.

魔鬼通常不干好事儿。当它出现时，可能会让我们自毁毁人。受它影响作出的行动（或不作为）往往会令我们事后悔恨。通常，我们并不知道如何有意使用它，感觉它多半是在我们毫无觉察的情况下突然爆发的。话虽这么说，若我们心胸够宽广，魔鬼也可以改变阵营，倒戈投诚。这时它会成为有创造性的力量，带来新生——恰似将柠檬榨成柠檬汁，使我们不必抱怨柠檬的酸涩。

The Developed Self

自我完善

Remember, we can use all the processes and we can become skilled in that use. Skill comes through practice. As we go through life, we seem to be drawn to activities that develop our primary processes. Sometimes the environment doesn’t allow or foster that development or it can heighten it. Thus, while the personality pattern will be the same for each type, there will be considerable variation among individuals of the same type due to their varying development.

要知道，我们有能力运用所有这些功能并熟练掌握它们。熟能生巧。在生活中，我们会主要倾向于发展人格类型中的阳面。但环境可能会强化它，也可能会阻碍它的发展。因此，即使是人格类型完全相同的人，在各自不同的成长道路中，他们的功能发展也会有相当大的差别。

We are more likely to identify and claim those processes we are aware of, rather than those we are unaware of. If we are competent in using a process yet unaware of it, we will take it for granted. If we are incompetent and unaware, we are likely to project the negative aspects of this process onto others and even deny that it can have any value anywhere.

在我们有意识地情况下识别运用这些功能，比起我们无意中让它们出现，要容易得多。若我们有足够的能力去运用一个尚不熟悉的功能，我们也可以很自然地享受这个过程。若是能力不到，觉知力不够，则多半会受功能的消极面影响，反而怪罪说它其实在任何地方都毫无价值。

The Pattern

模型

The pattern of the processes can be represented by a stick figure. At the head is the process we lead with, commonly called the Dominant. At the right hand is the process we use in a supportive way, commonly called the Auxiliary. At the left hand is the process we use in a relief-giving way, commonly called the Tertiary. And at the feet is what we aspire to, commonly called the Inferior. Since this process is what we aspire to be doing well, it is often what “makes our feet go” even when we are unaware of wanting to go in that direction.

各种功能的使用可以拿一个模型（下面的表格）来描述。主导功能，相当于我们的头脑——我们的领导。辅助功能被比做我们的右手，帮助我们实现头脑的想法。第三功能，或替补队员是左手，起替补作用。双足则代表我们的劣势功能，那位梦想远大的龙套演员。它常常是我们努力想要做好，却不知该如何努力的方面。

Think of the shadow processes as being situated just behind the stick figure to show that they are in the background. Just like a shadow, they are always there, but we are most often not actively using them.

人格类型的阴面，是表格的后半部分。正如我们的影子，总是躲在我们身体的背后，但我们并没有积极地利用它们。

附：16人格的动态平衡

前四项为该人格类型的阳面，后四项为该人格类型的阴面。类型名称采用抽屉网。

ESTP — 创业者 Se Ti Fe Ni Si Te Fi Ne

ESFP — 表演者 Se Fi Te Ni Si Fe Ti Ne

ISTJ — 检查者 Si Te Fi Ne Se Ti Fe Ni

ISFJ — 保护者 Si Fe Ti Ne Se Fi Te Ni

ENTP — 发明家 Ne Ti Fe Si Ni Te Fi Se

ENFP — 奋斗者 Ne Fi Te Si Ni Fe Ti Se

INTJ— 策划者 Ni Te Fi Se Ne Ti Fe Si

INFJ— 劝告者 Ni Fe Ti Se Ne Fi Te Si

ESTJ — 监督者 Te Si Ne Fi Ti Se Ni Fe

ENTJ — 陆军元帅 Te Ni Se Fi Ti Ne Si Fe

ISTP — 手艺者 Ti Se Ni Fe Te Si Ne Fi

INTP — 建筑师 Ti Ne Si Fe Te Ni Se Fi

ESFJ — 供应者 Fe Si Ne Ti Fi Se Ni Te

ENFJ — 教导者 Fe Ni Se Ti Fi Ne Si Te

ISFP — 创作者 Fi Se Ni Te Fe Si Ne Ti

INFP — 化解者 Fi Ne Si Te Fe Ni Se Ti

Adapted from Linda V. Berens,

Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code

(Telos Publications, 2004) *Used with permission.

Find out more about Linda V. Berens, PhD

Find out more about Dario Nardi, PhD

————————————————

The 4-Letter Type Code

人格类型四个字母的意义

Adapted from Linda V. Berens, Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code (Telos Publications, 2004) *Used with permission.

It is important to remember that the four-letter type code is more than the sum of four letters. It results from how we answer questions along four dichotomies, Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing-iNtuiting, Thinking-Feeling, and Judging-Perceiving. While on the surface each of these dichotomies can be described generally, they are not separate parts or traits. In the development of the MBTI, it was assumed that reporting preferences for one over the other of each dichotomy would give us an idea of the pattern of cognitive processes of the personality and thus reveal Jung’s psychological type patterns. Use the following diagram to remind you of the kinds of processes and what the letters mean.

记住人格类型不只是四个字母的简单堆砌是很重要的。乍看起来人格类型是四个非此即彼的倾向的简单叠加，即：外倾-内倾，感觉-直觉，思考-情感，判断-感知。似乎每个维度都可以被单独描述，事实却并非如此。在MBTI理论中，这些字母帮助我们认清不同性格类型的在功能使用上的不同，是荣格的心理类型学的具体体现。通过下面的程序，你可以具体了解人格类型是如何具体指出相应的功能使用模式的。

One can “crack the code” in a mechanical fashion and for some people this is necessary for them to understand how the processes are in a hierarchy.

解读代码，破译出它们的涵义，对某些人来说，是了解情况的必要方法。

What follows is a step-by-step process for converting the MBTI code to the pattern of processes represented by that code.

下面将教你一步步地破解MBTI人格类型代码的涵义。

1。Look at the last letter of the code. It tells you which one of the two middle letters is extraverted

1。查看人格类型代码中的最后一个字母，它会告诉你中间两个字母中哪个是外倾的。

--If it is J, then that tells you that the T or F in the code is used in the external world. TJ in the code indicates extraverted Thinking is the preferred process of judgment for that type pattern.

--FJ in the code indicates extraverted Feeling is the preferred process of judgment for that type pattern.

Some people say that J “points to” the letter just next to it.

——如果是J，代表着T/F是这个类型与外界打交道的方式。TJ表示外倾思考是这个类型主要应用的判断方式。FJ表示外倾感觉是这个类型主要应用的判断方式。有些人习惯说J是指向紧挨着它的那个字母。

If it is P, then that tells you that the S or N in the code is used in the external world.

--S_P in the code indicates extraverted Sensing is the preferred process of perception for that type pattern.

--N_P in the code indicates extraverted iNtuiting is the preferred process of perception for that type pattern.

Some people say that P “points to” the previous letter.

——如果是P，代表着S/N是这个类型与外界打交道的方式。S_P表示外倾感觉是这个类型主要应用的感知方式，N_P表示外倾直觉是这个类型主要应用的感知方式。有些人习惯说P是指向第二个字母。

2。Now that you have determined which process is extraverted, know that the remaining middle letter in the code is introverted.

2。现在你已经确定了哪个功能是外倾的，中间两个字母中剩下的那个就是内倾的喽。

3。Now look at the first letter in the code.

3。接着来看人格类型代码中的第一个字母。

--If it is an E, then the extraverted process identified in step one is the leading role process (dominant).

--If it is an I, then the introverted process identified in step two is the leading role process (dominant).

——如果是E，表示外倾的那个功能是这个类型的主导功能。如果是I，表示内倾的那个功能是这个类型的主导功能。

4。The other middle letter is the supporting role process (auxiliary).

4。剩下的那个字母则指出了这个类型的辅助功能。

5。The dichotomous opposite of the supporting role process will be the relief role process (tertiary).

5。第三功能是辅助功能的对立面。

6。The dichotomous opposite of the leading role process will be the aspirational role process (inferior).

6。劣势功能是主导功能的对立面。

7。To get the shadow processes, just take the hierarchical sequence of the primary processes and reverse the attitude (extraverted or introverted) of the process.

7。要确定人格类型的阴面，将人格类型阳面中的各功能按顺序排列，并将它们的作用倾向（外倾或内倾）颠倒即可。

（最后那张表，等我想明白了怎么排版再补上……又：现在看来“补上”是遥遥无期的了）

Adapted from Linda V. Berens, Understanding Yourself and Others: An Introduction to the Personality Type Code (Telos Publications, 2004) *Used with permission.

点